These malfunctions cause tissue destruction, such as chronic inflammation and ulcer formation. is all that would be required to support our hypothesis. If no such significant factors stand out, then more CFs would be required to support the hypothesis of common cause. For IBD and Camobucol ID, there were significant factors that stood out, and these were the foundation of the validation selection process. A balance/tradeoff between the two major selection criteria resulted in the selection of fifty common phrases between IBD and ID to be validated as CFs. These fifty included those deemed most significant and spanning the five-category taxonomy we have developed for classifying modifiable CFs to disease: Lifestyle, Iatrogenic, Biotoxins, Occupational/Environmental, PsychoSocial/ SocioEconomic [7]. SCNN1A We did not include Genetics, since the CFs in our definition are viewed as modifiable, meaning they are somewhat under our control. After the fifty CFs common to IBD and ID had been selected and validated, we decided to ascertain which of them were valid COVID-19 direct impact CFs and thereby also common with IBD Camobucol 5.?Results and discussion 5.1. Results The fifty CFs in common between IBD and ID selected for validation, as well as the 24 direct impact CFs in common between IBD and COVID-19, are presented in Table 1. The detailed record excerpts showing these linkages are presented in Appendix A. Table 1 Common contributing factors to IBD and immune degradation/COVID-19. were recorded [114] Opioids/Morphine IBD: Prolonged morphine treatment results in a “leaky” gut, predisposing to colonic inflammation that is facilitated by microbial dysbiosis and associated bacterial translocation. [115] ID: we show that morphine suppresses the innate immunity in microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages through differential regulation of TLRs and acetylcholinesterase. Either morphine or inhibition of acetylcholine significantly promotes upregulation of microRNA-124 (miR-124) in microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and the mouse brain, where miR-124 mediates morphine inhibition of the innate immunity by directly targeting a subunit of NF-B p65 and TNFR-associated factor 6 Camobucol (TRAF6). [116] COV: Substance use disorders can also increase the risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes through immunosuppression..For example, opioids exert various suppressive effects on both the innate and adaptive immune systems, especially among those who have long used substances ( = 90 days in a year). Largely by binding to the mu receptor and modulating various downstream cellular signaling pathways, opioids impair the recruitment and function of virtually all immune cells, such as macrophages, NK cells, granulocytes, and B and T lymphocytes [117] Oral Contraceptives IBD: This study provides evidence of an association between the use of oral contraceptives and the onset risk of UC [118] ID: 17-ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic analog of 17-estradiol, is prescribed commonly and found in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated the immunoregulatory effects of exposure to EE, especially in autoimmunity.. EE-exposed mice had increased proteinuria as early as 7 weeks of age. Proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, and glomerular immune complex deposition were also exacerbated when compared to controls. Production of cytokines by splenic leukocytes were altered in EE-exposed mice. Our study shows that oral exposure to EE, actually at a very low dose, can exacerbate azotemia, increase medical markers of renal disease, enhance glomerular immune complex deposition, and modulate TLR7/9 cytokine production in female MRL/lprmice [119] Radiotherapy IBD: Fifty percent of individuals develop chronic gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms following pelvic radiotherapy that adversely affect quality of life. [120] ID: Systemic reactions to radiation recognized in the blood proteome and metabolome levels are primarily related to the intensity of radiation-induced toxicity, including inflammatory reactions [121] COV: The results of the current study shown a possible association between recent receipt of oncologic treatment and a higher risk of death among individuals with carcinoma who are hospitalized with COVID-19. [122] Renal Transplantation IBD: individuals after kidney transplantation have significant risk of gastrointestinal pathologies and require detailed diagnostic endoscopy [123] ID: Immunosuppressive therapy causes severe impairment of.